Episode 14: Valide Turhan Sultan
Turhan Sultan was a patron of architecture during the Ottoman Empire. She was born in 1627 in what is known today as Southwestern Russia. As Haseki Sultan (wife) of Sultan Ibrahim I she gave birth to the Sultan’s first son and heir Mehmed IV. After a power struggle with her mother in law, she became Valide Sultan (mother of the Sultan) in 1651. The Ottoman Empire had beef with the Venetians, so in 1658 Turhan Sultan commissioned two fortresses at the entrance of the Dardanelles, one on the European side called Seddülbahir and one on the Asian side called Kumkale, which are still standing today. Both of these fortresses had a mosque, madrasas, hammams, and bazaars. Two years later she revived the Yeni Complex project begun by a previous Valide Sultan. The complex was made up of a mosque, a madrasa, sebilis, a bazaar known today as the Spice Bazaar, and a large tomb. The project was completed in the 1670 and is the final resting place of Turhan Sultan who passed away on August 4, 1683.
Caryatid: Sherry Larjani
Sherry Larjani is President and Managing Partner at Spotlight Development Inc, in Toronto, Canada. She began her career as a junior architectural designer and eventually made the move to real estate development with Spotlight Development. Sherry is involved in a housing project with Canada’s first all-women real estate development. Everyone involved from the developers, architects, engineers, landscape architects, to the project managers are women.
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This transcript was prepared during the development of the episode.
Final recorded episode may deviate slightly from the content presented below as changes, edits, or improvements may be made during the recording and editing process.
Disclaimer: words written in CAPS are written phonetically in Spanish, to help Norgerie pronounce words as best as she could on this episode.
Norgerie: Merhaba, Welcome to She Builds Podcast, where we share stories about women in the design and construction field, one lady at a time. Today we’re gonna talk about Turhan Sultan, a huge patron of architecture of the Ottoman Empire. I’m Norgerie Rivas learning to be a better ally in Houston Texas.
Jessica: Hi, I’m Jessica Rogers coming to you from a dreary day out of Washington DC
Lizi: Hi, I’m Lizi Raar, coming to you from a beautiful fog-free day in San Francisco.
Jessica: Like always our quick disclaimer. The three of us are not historians, nor are we experts on this subject. We are just sharing stories about the information that we find about each woman. If we get our facts a little mixed up, please forgive us, leave us a comment and we will all continue learning.
Norgerie: Today we are gonna go back in history, the farthest we’ve gone in She Builds Podcast.
Lizi: Ohhh how far?
Jessica: ooohhhhh
Norgerie: So our story today takes place several centuries ago, but I think we need to go back even further and give the listeners some background of how this all went down through history.
Lizi: Now for an extremely brief history on the beginning of the Sultanate of Women.
Norgerie: The Sultanate of Women was a period in time of the Ottoman Empire where women had more power than they had for a really long time before that.
Jessica: For a long time in the Ottoman Empire, sultans did not marry because marriage brought status to women. The wife of a sultan became a sultan too and she had similar privileges and status as her husband. Sultans wanted to be the one and only, so they started just taking slaves as concubines to produce male heirs for them.
Lizi: When the concubines had babies, they were taken away from the palace, outside of the capital, to raise the children and one lucky boy would become Sultan one day.
Norgerie: But then in the 16th century Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent said goodbye to that tradition and married his favorite concubine Hurrem Sultan. With her began what is known as the Sultanate of Women. It was a time when the wives and mothers of the Sultan had more power than they previously did and they exercised that power in large part through architectural patronage.
Lizi: When Suleiman married Hurrem they created a title for the wife of a sultan, Haseki Sultan, so then Hurrem became Haseki Hurrem Sultan. The next important thing that happened was that she stayed with him, in the palace, even after they had children, and the children stayed there too.
Jessica: Because, remember, before that, the baby mommas, and the potential future sultans didn't live in the palace.
Lizi: So the Haseki Sultan staying in the palace was huge because she remained in the middle of all the action and was an advisor to her husband.
Norgerie: Another woman that became very important during Suleiman’s time was the mother of the Sultan. She received the title Valide Sultan.
Jessica: Some argue that the Valide Sultan was the most important person after the Sultan, for religious reasons, mothers were held at a high regard, and also politically in cases when the Sultan was too young or incompetent to rule, the Valide Sultan was the default/ behind the scenes leader.
Norgerie: So after Suleiman passed away the titles and the power for the wives and mothers of the Sultan became the norm. And like we said they showed their power through buildings that they commissioned.
Jessica: This group of ladies were totally overlooked throughout history, their work was either attributed to the male Sultans or just not given any importance. But then gender studies became popular and historians started paying more attention and doing more research on these women, they started making connections and they realized the importance of all these Haseki and Valide Sultans.
Lizi: Not shocking at all, we’ve already heard many stories of women who’s work or even their existence within the profession was overshadowed by a male partner, and this won’t be the last time either.
Jessica: Well, that time in which these now famous Haseki and Valide Sultans all lived and were doing their thing is what we call today the Sultanate of Women, it was about a hundred years. It is debated that the last of these important ladies was Valide Turhan Sultan. After her there was a decline for the women in these positions.
Norgerie: But that power that these women had, didn’t mean it was all sunflowers and rainbows for the Haseki or Valide Sultans. There were a lot of men that were not very happy about any of it. Supposedly, one time an ambassador wanted to send a letter to a Haseki Sultan through a grand vizier and the grand vizier got super annoyed and said, I ain't your messenger and the Haseki is just another slave, she ain’t special. But if that were true why’d he get his panties in a bunch like that?
Jessica: so they just didn’t like women :grunt:
Lizi: Yeah sounds like he just wanted to go around her because he knew that the Haseki had the ear of the Sultan.
Norgerie: In fact, supposedly ambassadors used to say that if you wanted to do business in the Ottoman Empire you gotta go straight to the Valide Sultan.
Lizi: Mom holds all the power.
Norgerie: Always, don’t you forget it.
Lizi: And now back to our story of Valide Turhan Sultan.
Norgerie: Listeners, I promise you I kept that as brief as I could and you needed to know all of that to appreciate Turhan’s story.
Jessica: You’ve made us wait long enough, tell us her story already.
Norgerie: Ok, ok. The time was 1627, the place, what we know today as Southwestern Russia. At some point in her young life, Baby Girl X was captured in a raid, and sold as a slave.
Jessica: wait what??? Raid, Slave,Baby girl X? I thought you said her name was Turhan?
Norgerie: Turhan was the name they gave her when she arrived at the palace but we aren’t there yet. Historians don't know her birth name, so for now she is Baby Girl X
Lizi: uhhh ok
Norgerie: Baby Girl X was captured, and then she was given as a gift to the mother of the Sultan, Valide Kosem Sultan, with all due respect, we’ll call her Kosem. And that’s how Baby Girl X became Turhan and she went to live in the Harem in Topkapi Palace.
Lizi: ooooo remember when we went to Topkapi Palace? I really loved it. It’s really beautiful with all of it’s tiles and domes.
Jessica: I was just fascinated by the islamic architecture of it all. The ornate-ness of the tile, and the arches. But Norgerie, how did Turhan go from slave to sultan, did Kosem adopt her?
Norgerie: No, no, Kosem kept her as a special slave. So this sounds remarkable to us, slave to sultan, rags to riches, but it turns out this was a very normal thing, women slaves in the Harem were groomed to be concubines or the wife of the Sultan, depending on what the Sultan wanted. So Kosem groomed Turhan to be the wife of her son, Sultan Ibrahim.
Lizi: You mean Ibrahim the Mad?
Norgerie: Same guy! So eventually Kosem gets her way and Turhan marries Ibrahim the Mad and then Turhan was officially Haseki Turhan Sultan, but we’ll keep calling her Turhan for short.
Jessica: Oh good, that's easier to follow the story.
Norgerie: Ibrahim and Turhan had their first son Mehmed the 4th. And then one day Ibrahim and Turhan got in a fight, and he threw baby Mehmed, his first born son, his future heir, into a body of water.
Jessica: What? A body of water?
Norgerie: Some sources say pool, others cistern, I am gonna play it safe and call it a body of water.
Lizi: Yikes!
Norgerie: Yeah Ibrahim was real cray. So Kosem got together with our lady Turhan and told her. “Listen we need to put a stop to my son’s crap. So we are gonna take him out and your six year old child is gonna be Sultan. Anything has to be better than what we’ve got going on right now.” I gotta say I feel like I understand where Valide Kosem Sultan was coming from.
Jessica: Well, Yeah Ibrahim was crazy!
Norgerie: The plan is in place, BAM they strike, Ibrahim is out, Mehmed the 4th is in!
Lizi: Buh-Bam!
Norgerie: Mehmed is Sultan, his mother is Turhan, she should be Valide Sultan now right?
Jessica: Right
Norgerie: Well Grandmama Original Valide Kosem Sultan had another thing coming. She was like, little girl… you’re barely an adult, I have tons of experience in this game. I am gonna keep my title of Valide Sultan and I will reign while your child comes of age. End of story. But NO, it was not, end of story. Turhan started getting people to support her claim of Valide Sultan.
Lizi: Oooook, so she was a pawn in Kosem’s plan to oust her.
Jessica: Oooh drama
Norgerie: At this point I’m thinking Turhan Sultan, what are you doing? Need I remind you who Valide Kosem Sultan is? This is the woman that plotted a coup against her own son. The fruit of her loins! She could probably care two you know what's less about taking out some girl that used to be her slave.
Lizi: haha right? Clearly nothing will stop her from keeping power.
Jessica: Valide Kosem sure seems like the type that you don’t want to get in their bad side
Norgerie: Yeah Turhan check yourself before you wreck yourself. Kosem is bad for your health, she comes in real stealth, she starts planning to take Mehmed out. Her grandson! Blood is thicker than water means nothing to this lady, ok, she’s got a whole gallery of grandsons to choose from, she opens her little photo album, and finds another grandson, with a less ambitious mother, to become the new sultan.
Lizi: WHAT!?
Jessica: Wait what????
Norgerie: But guess what, Kosem was not all that stealth, because Turhan found out!
Lizi: Yeah she did!
Norgerie: What happened next is debated among historians. I’ll tell you the version of the popular Turkish TV show The Magnificent Century: Kösem, or La Sultana the Spanish version which is how my mom and aunt call it, because that story is more dramatic.
Jessica: oh, ok, bring it
Norgerie: Kosem poisoned Mehmed’s milk. One of Kosem’s servants felt too much guilt over killing a child and warned Turhan. Then just before Mehmed drank the milk Turhan storms in and takes it away from him. Kosem was like OH, OK. I wanted to do this the easy painless way, but you forced my hand. Let there be blood.
Lizi: This is like real life Game of Thrones!!
Jessica: what happens next?????
Norgerie: The next day Kosem planned for her army to murder both Mehmed and Turhan. But again Kosem had a double agent in the crew. Turhan got word of the plot and organized a counterplot. In the end Kosem was dead.
Lizi: dannnnng.
Jessica: woahhhh
Lizi: Ok that was dramatic but what in all of that actually happened vs soap opera storyline?
Norgerie: Kosem plotted to murder Mehmed and Turhan. Turhan found out, but historians debate if Turhan gave the order to kill Kosem or not. At the end of the day Turhan’s people murdered Kosem and now we officially have Valide Turhan Sultan
Jessica: Long live the Valide Sultan
Norgerie: Here here!
Lizi: What did Turhan do as Valide Sultan?
Norgerie: Mehmed was 9 years old when all of this went down, and a super momma’s boy, so Turhan was the behind the scenes ruler for many years while he grew up and even as an adult he consulted her on many things. Because of this some say she was the most powerful Valide Sultan that ever lived.
Lizi: oh okaay
Norgerie: And as Valide Sultan, she got to building her legacy.
Jessica: Yeaaah bring it on to add to the list of archventures!
Norgerie: Ok, we’ve discussed that they used architecture to show their power, but we haven’t talked about how. Depending on what the use of the space was, the Sultan displayed what her priorities were, what was important to her, and that shaped her public image. So the Haseki and Valide Sultans had to be smart about this. They commissioned public works such as sebilis SEBILES , bazars, mosques. Mosques were a great one because it displayed their charity and their piety.
Lizi: Ohhh I see, so they built certain types of buildings to win political favor with certain groups of citizens.
Norgerie: Yeah these ladies were strategic. If I were Sultan I would build bazars, and mosques, which are a must, and I would add to that list a chocolate store, because that sounds like a great public service to me. What would you guys provide to your people?
Lizi: I think housing for those who needed it or orphanages.
Jessica: I would do schools , libraries, a concert hall , and maybe more public spaces throughout the city. But if I was in Istanbul I would have more turkish baths because those were nice. If I was a sultan in america I would create some over here. We need more baths
Norgerie: You would both make great Sultans. Well, Turhan started with a sebili in 1653 in Beşiktaş district.
Lizi: Oh I forgot to ask before, what’s a sebili ?
Jessica: So a saibelai, is a public fountain of civic and religious importance. On our archventures we probably would have seen them at crossroads, in the middle of city squares and outside of mosques. The sebilis provided drinking water for travelers and were also used for the ritual of purification before prayer. I bet you we passed by a bunch of them when we were in Istanbul and we didn't notice.
Norgerie: During Turhan’s “reign”, I say that with air quotes
Jessica: Right cause the little boy was the Sultan but she was the one really calling the shots
Norgerie: the Ottoman Empire had beef with Venetians so in 1658 Turhan built two fortresses at the entrance of the Dardanelles, one on the European side called Seddülbahir and one on the Asian side, Kumkale and we can still see those today. Both of these had a mosque, madrasas, hammams and bazaars.
Lizi: That’s very strategic, The Dardanelles, is a narrow, natural strait of water and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. Most people might think of the Bosphorus which is a similar strait that splits the city of Istanbul between two continents, but this strait connects the Mediterranean sea to the Sea of Marmara which is a small sea before you get to the Bosphorus.
Jessica: Also what she built in the fortress served a specific purpose right? They catered to each specific audience. Like the pillars of society back then, mosque, religion check. Madrasa, which is a school, education check. Hammam or bathhouse, health and cleanliness check. Bazar, economy check.
Norgerie: Yeah, Kosem was worried Turhan was too young to know what she was doing but at least architecturally Turhan had learned from the Sultanate of Women who had been building those spaces for years. In fact one of Turhan’s most important works, the Yeni Mosque Complex in Istanbul, is a project that was started by a different Valide Sultan.
Jessica: sounds like another juicy tea brewing.
Norgerie: Well I don’t know about juicy but here we go. 56 years before Turhan was Valide, the Valide was Safiye Sultan. Safiye picked Eminonü as the site for her new mosque.
Lizi: ooo that’s a huge hub in Istanbul that is a major port right at the start of the Golden Horn which is a major urban waterway coming off of the Bosphorus.
Jessica: we were there right? That’s near where the famous Spice Bazar is right?
Lizi: Right! We actually took a ferry across the Bosphorus to the asian side of Istanbul from the Eminonu port.
Jessica: This is so cool we were in Turhan’s stomping grounds and we didn't even know it!
Norgerie: I knooooww the whole time I was looking things up I was wondering did I see that? Did I pass that? We walked soooo much during that trip.
Jessica: Yeah we did
Norgerie: well, back to Safiye’s project, it was very important for everything Lizi mentioned because even back then, so many years ago, it was as a central commercial area, like it is today. But it was also a very political location because it was an area where non-muslims lived. So this was Safiye’s way of Islamizing the area. It was a tough but smart move for Safiye because if she succeeded the merchants would spread the word about her new building and her power through Europe and Asia. You know what I mean?
Jessica: it also seems like she was conquering new land too
Norgerie: Yeah sort of. Naturally people that were living there were not super thrilled, I mean eminent domain not everyone’s favorite subject. It depends on who you’re talking to.
Jessica: That reminds me about TODAY with the Amazon HQ in Seattle. One of the main factors in Seattle’s homeless population is because the construction of the HQ created the displacement of people
Norgerie: Yeah well just like today displacing people from their homes is a long legal process. It was a long hard process for Safiye so the project took a while to start, but it did!
Lizi: Yay for the project but sad for the displaced people.
Norgerie: It was started in 1597. And then Safiye’s son Mehmed the 3rd died in 1603 and the project stopped because she was no longer Valide Sultan. I didn't tell you this but when you were no longer the Valide Sultan you were taken away from the palace to retire.
Jessica: oh say what?
Lizi: Well that kinda makes sense so that the old Valide doesn’t interfere with the new one, like the horror story we heard about today.
Norgerie: So Safiye retired and her mosque project was abandoned because her grandson commissioned the Blue Mosque and that one took all the attention.
Lizi: oooooo I remember that we went there. Haha
Jessica: ooh yeahhhh
Norgerie: And to add insult to injury Safiye’s abandoned site was in part destroyed in a fire in 1660, all that remained was the foundation.
Jessica: ooh yikes, That is some bad juju
Norgerie: You’re telling me, but Turhan wasn’t scared, that same year she decided to bring the Yeni Mosque complex back to life.
Lizi: And I’m sure she recognized the architectural importance of the project too.
Norgerie: You know she did. Turhan took advantage of the fact the foundation for the project was there so she would save money on that.
Jessica: Ooh working smarter not harder, I like it.
Norgerie: But non muslims had moved back to the area, so Turhan also saw it as her Islamization mission too. She started the project back up in 1660. The complex was made up of a mosque, a madrasa, sebilis SEBILES, a bazar and a big tomb. The mosque was built similarly to what Safiye had planned half a century before, since the foundation was already there. It was elevated on the site to show its importance. There’s not a lot of windows which makes it kinda dark inside but that means there’s a lot of interior facade space and it's decorated with İznik tiles.
Lizi: The tilework is one of my favorite things about Islamic architecture.
Jessica: Yes the tilework! It’s one of my favorite things too. I love all of the colors and patterns
Norgerie: So the mosque was similar to Safiye’s but the rest of the buildings and the layout of the complex are a different story. Every building was placed in key locations so that from her private quarters in the royal pavilion Turhan had a view of the Golden Horn, the entrance of the complex, the madrasa, the sebili, the tomb and the bazaar.
Jessica: so basically the whole thing
Norgerie: Yeah, she made sure everything was placed in a way that not only could she see the entire place from her apartment, but she could not be seen while she was in the apartment.
Lizi: oh like a panopticon
Norgerie: yeeeeeeeeeeees
Jessica: so a panopticon for those of you that don’t know, is basically an observation tower that is placed at the center. Typically used in prisons, where the observer can see everything and the others cannot.
Norgerie: the project was completed in the 1670s. Oh I forgot to mention that the bazaar in the complex is the famous Spice Bazar.
Lizi: ooooo so cool. I love me some spices.
Norgerie: The tomb inside the complex is also an important piece of architecture. It's a square plan, windows around the building flood the inside with light. And it's all gorgeously ornate inside with iznik tiles and carvings. It's the final resting place of 44 people, including five sultans, which actually includes Turhan who passed away in 1683 .
Lizi: Wow, she had an intense life with all the drama at the beginning and what not. But it sounds like she left the city a great and lasting building.
Jessica: Yeah what an incredible story. This was so interesting, in design , in power structure, in culture.
Norgerie: I would like to close this part of our story by mentioning the ladies that made up the Sultanate of Women and one of their important works for each.
Jessica: Good idea I can start with the one who started it all, Hurrem Sultan. She commissioned the Haseki Sultan Complex completed in 1551, it was the first work of Sinan, the famous Ottoman Empire architect, as chief imperial architect. Then Mihrimah Sultan, her daughter, commissioned The Mihrimah Sultan Mosque built in 1547. Nurbanu Sultan has the Atik Valide Complex done in 1583. All three of these complexes have a mosque, sebili , madrasa, and hammam. The Haseki Sultan Complex and the Atik Valide Complex also have a soup kitchen, and a hospital.
Lizi: Safiye Sultan started the Yeni Mosque, Haseki Halime Sultan followed in the timeline but was not known as a patron of architecture. Hadan Sultan made an endowment for the preservation of her husband Mehmed III's tomb, and last but certainly not least today’s antagonist Kosem Sultan is responsible for the Çinili Mosque in 1640.
Norgerie: almost all these ladies that made up the Sultanate of Women could easily have their own episode, even Kosem, I mean she was the bad guy today but she actually did a lot of good for her people for many years. Turhan had a lot of examples of what Women Sultans could do
Jessica: ooh this has all been really fascinating and interesting. I definitely learned something new today.
Norgerie: Now it’s time for our caryatid! Lizi what’s a caryatid?
Lizi: A Caryatid is a stone carving of a woman, used as a column or a pillar to support the structure of a Greek or Greek-style building. In each episode we present a “caryatid” -- a woman who is working today, furthering the profession through their work, and who ties in to the historical woman of our episode.
Norgerie: This week’s caryatid is… Sherry Larjani!
Lizi+Jessica: cheers, claps. And happy reactions
Norgerie: Sherry Larjani is President and Managing Partner at Spotlight Development Inc, in Toronto, Canada. She began her career as a junior architectural designer and eventually made the move to real estate development with Spotlight Development. Sherry is our caryatid today because she is involved in a very special housing project, Canada’s first all-women real estate development. Everyone involved from the developers, architects, engineers, landscape architects, all the project managers are women and this reminds me of the Sultanate of Women. A group of ladies developing architecture.
Lizi: Ahhh so cool!
Jessica: VERY NICE
Norgerie: The spark for the project began when one of the ladies Taya Cook, Director of Development at Urban Capital, a real estate development company in Toronto, read an article called the “Kings of Toronto Real Estate” highlighted 20 people killing it in the Toronto real estate game, and they were all men.
Lizi: Offfff course they were.
Jessica: :GRUNT
Norgerie: What was really highlighted, was male dominance in the real estate development field.
Lizi: I am guessing some ladies had something to say about that.
Norgerie: Taya said “I know there are so many women involved in real estate development in Toronto, and we’re often not at the forefront of projects, in leadership positions, or visualized, and I think because of that, a lot of women may not enter into the industry.”
Jessica: It is super important not only to recognize that the field is male dominated but also to recognize and elevate the women that are in the field make them more visible.
Norgerie: So then Taya called up her buddy Sherry and told her lets put together an all-woman team and show the real estate world who the queens are. And Sherry was like heeeeck yeah! Sign me up! Gimme that crown. And they got to work, there is this really powerful photo of their team all these amazing professional ladies on the site, I’ll put it on the show notes because it's important to see.
Lizi/Jessica: YEAHHHHH!
Norgerie: Sherry reminds me of Turhan because she has that never give up, go getter attitude. Let me read you this quote from her “There aren’t many entrepreneurial women coming into the industry on their own, ...No one took me seriously until I bought my first piece of land. We need to give women positive role models and prove that a career in development is a viable path. It’s incumbent upon all of us to change this narrative.”
Jessica: YES YES AND YES! EVET. This is great. We need more women like this. And to elevate one and another and this is a great example of.
Norgerie: So yeah totally the Sultanate of Women minus Kosem and murdering of family members. None of that.
Lizi: Ha Ha
Jessica: thank god, that wouldn’t work today.
Norgerie: Ok, before we sign off we want to say a huge TESHEKULAR which means thank you in Turkish, to BACHAR for teaching us to pronounce all the turkish words CMYK for the music, John W our technical producer. And most of all TESHEKULAR for listening! We hope you enjoyed learning about Turhan Sultan and Sherry, along with our banter, and that you are inspired to find out more about them and other amazing professional ladies. Again, TESHEKULAR!
Jessica: Please let us know what you thought of our episode. If you’ve enjoyed it please help us spread the word. Tell your friends, your neighbors, your co-workers, give us 5 stars on Itunes, write us a review, this will all help us reach a wider audience and for more people to learn about these amazing ladies with us.
Lizi: We are excited to hear from you and for you to come back and keep learning about women bosses with us. You can email us your thoughts at shebuildspodcast@gmail.com, leave a comment on our website shebuildspodcast.com, or follow us on instagram and facebook @shebuildspodcast, and on twitter @shebuildspod.
References
“Kosem: La Sultana Capitulo 115.” YouTube, uploaded by Kosem: La Sultana, 2 Jan. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXRIH2NxEK4.
Özgüles, Muzaffer. The Women Who Built the Ottoman World: Female Patronage and the Architectural Legacy of Gulnus Sultan (Library of Ottoman Studies). 1st ed., I.B. Tauris, 2017.
Sumertas, Firuzan. “Female Patronage in Classical Ottoman Architecture: Five Case Studies in Istanbul.” M.A, Middle East Technical University, 2006.
Wikipedia contributors. “Sultanate of Women.” Wikipedia, 17 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women.
—. “Tomb of Turhan Sultan.” Wikipedia, 23 Aug. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Turhan_Sultan.
—.“Turhan Sultan.” Wikipedia, 20 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turhan_Sultan.
Images (in order)
de Jode, Pietro. Portrait of Emina Sultan. Digital Image. Wikipedia. 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emina_Sultan.jpeg 30 Oct 2020.
Thys-Senocak, Lucienne. The remaining mihrab from Kumkale mosque (2000). Digital Image. Max Van Berchem. Fondation Max Van Berchem. 2001. https://maxvanberchem.org/en/scientific-activities/projects/architecture/14-architecture/133-the-architectural-survey-of-the-ottoman-fortresses-of-seddulbahir-and-kumkale 30 Oct 2020.
Thys-Senocak, Lucienne. Lower section of Seddülbahir fortress. Digital Image. Max Van Berchem. Fondation Max Van Berchem. https://maxvanberchem.org/en/scientific-activities/projects/architecture/14-architecture/133-the-architectural-survey-of-the-ottoman-fortresses-of-seddulbahir-and-kumkale 2001. 30 Oct 2020.
Piperno, Roberto. Eastern side of the fortress. Digital Image. Rome in the Footsteps of an XVIIIth Century Traveller. Rome Art Traveler. Feb 2017. https://www.romeartlover.it/Bosforo5.html 30 Oct 2020.
Dilmen, Nevit. The New Mosque (Yeni Cami) in Eminönü, Istanbul. Digital Image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 1 Jan 2012. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul 30 Oct 2020.
Metuboy. The yard of Yeni Cami (New Mosque). Digital Image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 25 Dec 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul 30 Oct 2020.
Muscol. Interior of Yeni Cami (New Mosque). Digital Image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Jul 2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul 30 Oct 2020.
CeeGee. Entrance to the Tomb of Turhan Sultan. Digital Image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 16 Jul 2019. https://www.gotourturkey.com/2014/12/the-spice-bazaar-istanbul/ 30 Oct 2020.
Brinley, Andrew. The Spice Bazaar – Istanbul. Digital Image. Dos Plumas Travel. 30 Dec 2014
Stewart, Riley. The team building Reina Condos. Digital Image. The Star. 5 Jun 2019. https://www.thestar.com/life/homes/2019/06/05/canadas-first-all-woman-dream-team-makes-plans-for-the-site-of-an-etobicoke-strip-club.html
